STC "Expert"

Album material is based on the following documents:

• ГОСТ 21014-88 «Ferrous metal rental. Terms and definitions of surface defects»;
• ГОСТ 19200-80 «Castings from cast iron and steel. Terms and definitions of defects»;
• РД 03-606-03 «Instructions for visual and measuring control».

A photo album of metal defects can be used in the preparation and certification of welders and flaw detectors for visual measuring control, and is also of interest to scientists in the field of metallurgy. For educational and scientific work, it is also recommended to use the first part of this publication - a photo album of welding defects.

The content of the photo album of metal defects

Defects according to ГОСТ 19200-80:

1. Defects of inconsistency in the geometry of the casting:

1. Short run (misrun)
2. Cold lap
3. Incorrect shape
4. Bulging
5. Mismatch (cross-joint)
6. Mismatch in core
7. Different wall thickness
8. Rod filling
9. Distortion (warping)
10. Mechanical damage
11. Metal run out
12. Metal leakage

2. Cast surface defects:

1. Burn on
2. Cold lap, cold shut
3. Expansion scab
4. Knob, scab
5. Flash, cross-joint
6. Surface contamination
7. Oxide spots
8. Veining (mapping)
9. Foldness (waviness)
10. Rough surface
11. Gas roughness

3. Defects of discontinuity in the casting body:

1. Shrinkage crack (hot crack)
2. Cold crack
3. Intercrystalline crack
4. Blowholes
5. Sieve shell
6. Draw (contraction cavity)
7. Sand holes (drop)
8. Slag blowholes (slag inclusion)
9. Poured slag
10. Graphite porosity
11. Shrinkage porosity
12. Gas porosity
13. Microporosity (shrinkage porosity, grain boundary cracks)
14. Boiling
15. Shrinkage depression

4. Inclusion defects:

1. Exogenous metallic inclusion
2. Non-metallik inclusions
3. Metal ball

5. Structure mismatch defects:

1. Chill hard spots
2. Halfness
3. liquation
4. Flakes

Video presentation of the photo album Defects in the base metal

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Defects according to ГОСТ 21014-88:

1. Surface defects due to ingot and cast billet quality:

1. Rolled slag patch (sand mark)
2. Hairline (spill)
3. Rolled blister
4. Bubble blistering
5. Delamination
6. Ingot hot tear
7. Sliver (rolled scab)
8. Rolled burn-on
9. Rolled crack

2. Surface defects formed during deformation:

1. Hot tears
2. Cracked edge
3. Foldededge
4. Forging fold
5. Sliver (rolling skin)
6. Stress crack
7. Pigeon hole
8. Ridge
9. Undercut
10. Сut
11. Wrinkles
12. Lap
13. Groove (guide mark)
14. Through tears
15. Surface tears
16. Guide scratch
17. Pricks
18. Rolled indentations
19. Indentations and roll marks
20. Rippled surface
21. Rolled-in scale
22. Pitted surface
23. Pitting (scale pits)
24. Rolled metal particles
25. Sink-in
26. Exfoliating scale
27. Rolled-in foreign particles
28. Metal leak
29. Gray spots
30. Dirty spots
31. Sticker patches
32. Burr
33. Hacks
34. End crack
35. Slip bands
36. Сold-hardening
37. Cross breaks (coil breaks)
38. Heat tints (oxidation tints)

3. Surface defects resulting from finishing operations:

1. Picking cracks
2. Slime deposit
3. Underpickling
4. Overpickling
5. Scale residue
6. Hue etching
7. Rust spots
8. Compression marks (handling marks)
9. Scratch
10. Grinding cracks
11. Dull surface